Sleep pattern, obesity and healthcare expenditures in Brazilian adults / Padrões do sono, obesidade e despesas em saúde com brasileiros adultos

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sleep pattern and healthcare expenditures in adults, as well as to identify whether physical activity, biochemical markers and obesity affect this relationship. The sample was composed of 168 adults aged ≥ 50 years attended by two Basic Healthcare Units in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Health expenditure, sleep pattern, anthropometry, adiposity index, physical activity, metabolic and cardiovascular variables were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. Sleep disorders were positively correlated to higher costs with medicines and negatively correlated to costs with laboratory tests, even after adjusts by confounders. In addition, healthcare costs were also correlated to physical activity score, blood pressure, obesity and metabolic variables. Severe sleep disorders and high percentage of body fat were associated with increased use of medications. Sleep pattern is correlated to primary care healthcare costs, obesity and physical activity level.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre padrão de sono e despesas de saúde em adultos, bem como identificar se atividade física, marcadores bioquímicos e obesidade afetam esse relacionamento. A amostra foi composta por 168 adultos com idade ≥ 50 anos atendidos por duas unidades básicas de saúde em Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as despesas de saúde, padrões do sono, antropometria, atividade física, variáveis metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Foram utilizados Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Spearman. Os distúrbios do sono foram correlacionados positivamente com os custos mais elevados com medicamentos e negativamente com os custos com testes laboratoriais, mesmo após ajuste por fatores de confusão. Além disso, os custos de saúde também foram correlacionados ao escore de atividade física, pressão arterial, obesidade e variáveis metabólicas. Distúrbios graves do sono e alta porcentagem de gordura corporal foram associados ao aumento do uso de medicamentos. O padrão de sono está correlacionado com os custos de cuidados de saúde primários, obesidade e atividade física.

Sleep pattern, obesity and healthcare expenditures in Brazilian adults.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sleep pattern and healthcare expenditures in adults, as well as to identify whether physical activity, biochemical markers and obesity affect this relationship. The sample was composed of 168 adults aged ≥ 50 years attended by two Basic Healthcare Units in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Health expenditure, sleep pattern, anthropometry, adiposity index, physical activity, metabolic and cardiovascular variables were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. Sleep disorders were positively correlated to higher costs with medicines and negatively correlated to costs with laboratory tests, even after adjusts by confounders. In addition, healthcare costs were also correlated to physical activity score, blood pressure, obesity and metabolic variables. Severe sleep disorders and high percentage of body fat were associated with increased use of medications. Sleep pattern is correlated to primary care healthcare costs, obesity and physical activity level.

Associação entre qualidade do sono e doenças cardiometabólicas de pacientes da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Association between sleep quality and cardiometabolic diseases of primary care system patients

A privação do sono está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiometabólicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre qualidade do sono e ocorrência de doenças cardiometabólicas em adultos atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estudo longitudinal composto por 169 adultos (68,6% do sexo feminino), média de idade 61,80 (desvio padrão = 8,80), acompanhados por 30 meses. A presença das doenças hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e ocorrência de infarto e a qualidade do sono foram mensuradas por meio de questionários. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a qualidade do sono (adequada/inadequada). Para verificar a diferença de idade, classe econômica, atividade física habitual e circunferência de cintura, entre os grupos a e b, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para comparar a proporção das doenças (hipertensão arterial, infarto, diabetes e dislipidemias) entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. A regressão logística binária foi utilizada para testar a magnitude de tais associações, ajustadas por sexo, idade, atividade física, obesidade abdominal, etilismo e tabagismo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software BioEstat (versão 5.0) e o nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. Verificou-se que 83,4% dos adultos reportaram ao menos uma alteração na qualidade do sono e os que apresentaram inadequada qualidade do sono tiveram 3,4 vezes mais chances de reportar diabetes (OR = 3,47; IC95%: 1,06-11,30), comparados aos com o sono adequado. Inadequada qualidade do sono parece contribuir para o aumento da ocorrência de diabetes mellitus, independente do tempo de prática de atividade física e a obesidade abdominal

Sleep deprivation is related to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between sleep quality and occurrence of cardiometabolic diseases in adults attending Primary Health Care. Longitudinal study of 169 adults (68.6% female), mean age 61.80 (deviation = 8.80), followed for 30 months. The presence of the diseases hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and occurrence of infarction and the quality of sleep were measured using questionnaires. Participants were divided into groups according to sleep quality (adequate / inadequate). To verify the difference in age, economic class, habitual physical activity and waist circumference, between groups a and b, the Student's t test for in-dependent samples was used. To compare the proportion of diseases (hypertension, heart attack, diabetes, and dyslipidemia) between the groups, the chi-square test with Yates correction was used. Binary logistic regression was used to test the magnitude of such associations, adjusted for gender, age, physical activity, abdominal obesity, alcoholism and smoking. Statistical analyzes were performed using BioEstat software (version 5.0) and the significance level adopted was p <0.05. 83.4% of adults reported at least one change in sleep quality and those with inadequate sleep quality were 3.4 times more likely to report diabetes (OR = 3.47; 95%CI: 1.06 -11.30) compared to those with adequate sleep. Inadequate sleep quality seems to contribute to the increased occurrence of diabetes mellitus, regardless of the length of physical activity and abdominal obesity

Prevalence of sports participation among Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review / Prevalência da participação esportiva entre adolescentes brasileiros: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of sports participation in Brazilian children and adolescents using a systematic review approach. This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the protocol was previously registered on PROSPERO (95441), the searches were performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, ScIELO, Bireme, and EMBASE. The search strategy included a combination of keywords: Children and adolescents, prevalence and sports participation. Four papers included 7104 adolescents aged from 10 to 18 years old, living in four different cities located at Southeast (n= 1) and South (n= 3) of Brazil data collections were carried out between 2004 and 2012. Most of the studies had cross-sectional design and the findings of all surveys were published in international journals. The definition of "sports participation" was not the same in all papers. The overall prevalence of sports participation among adolescents was 58.1%, higher among boys (65.9%) than in girls (51.5%). The systematic review identified that the prevalence of sports participation among Brazilian adolescents is low and significantly affected by gender.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência da participação esportiva em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Esta revisão segue os itens Preferred Reporting for Systematic reviews e Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) e o protocolo foi previamente cadastrado no PROSPERO (95441), as buscas foram realizadas nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: PubMed, ScIELO, Bireme e EMBASE . A estratégia de busca incluiu uma combinação de palavras-chave: crianças e adolescentes, prevalência e participação esportiva. Quatro artigos incluíram 7104 adolescentes com idades entre 10 e 18 anos, residentes em quatro cidades diferentes localizadas no Sudeste (n = 1) e Sul (n = 3) do Brasil, foram realizadas coletas de dados entre 2004 e 2012. As maiorias dos estudos tiveram desenho transversal e os achados de todas as pesquisas foram publicados em revistas internacionais. A definição de "participação esportiva" não foi a mesma em todos os artigos. A prevalência geral de participação esportiva entre adolescentes foi de 58,1%, maior entre os meninos (65,9%) do que nas meninas (51,5%). A revisão sistemática identificou que a prevalência de participação esportiva entre adolescentes brasileiros é baixa e significativamente afetada por gênero.

Patterns of Physical Activity and Screen Time Among Brazilian Children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patterns of physical activity (PA) and screen time among children and adolescents attended by the Brazilian National Health System. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample was composed of 270 children and adolescents attending 5 basic health care units. PA and screen time were assessed through a questionnaire. Economic status, sex, and body composition variables were used as covariates. RESULTS: Boys were more likely to be active when compared with girls (odds ratio = 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.43-4.58). Children and adolescents who accumulated less screen time were more likely to be in the most active group (odds ratio = 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.72). When comparing data year on year, we found that the level of PA has not changed significantly among children aged 7-10 years; however, at the age of 10, we noticed a significant reduction in PA scores, which kept decreasing until the age of 12. Regarding screen time, the situation was the opposite, with the amount of time spent in this behavior increasing over the years. CONCLUSION: Our results showed an association between low PA levels and high amount of screen time among children and adolescents, showing that is necessary to encourage an active lifestyle, decreasing time spent on television, computers, cell phones, and video games.

Changes in leisure physical activity, commuting and television watching in men and women users of the Brazilian National Health System in a middle-sized city: 18-months of follow-up / Mudanças na atividade física de lazer, locomoção e tempo de televisão entre homens e mulheres usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde em uma cidade de médio porte: seguimento de 18 meses

Abstract Given the importance of physical activity for health promotion and for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, the Unified Health System (SUS) has changed its strategy of action in the last decades, trying to adopt preventive activities, seeking better quality of life of the Brazilian population and reduce costs with treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns in users of the Brazilian National Unified Health System during 18 months and the impact of sex and time on such variables. One hundred and ninety-eight participants (58 men and 140 women) were evaluated. Physical activity level was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire. Men had higher scores in all physical activity variables compared to women: walking (p-value= 0.013), cycling (p-value= 0.001) and commuting (p-value= 0.007), but not for TV watching (p-value= 0.362). After 18 months, in the overall sample, walking score increased 25.9% (95%CI= 10.6 to 41.1), but not cycling (1.5% [95%CI= -2.7 to 5.7]), commuting (14.4% [95%CI= -0.4 to 29.3]) and TV watching (1.6% [95%CI= -5.7 to 9.1]). Men were usually more active than women in active behaviors, but not in TV watching. However, differences over time were similar between sexes.

Resumo Dada a importância da atividade física para promoção da saúde, assim como para a prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) mudou a estratégia de atuação nas últimas décadas, procurando adotar atividades preventivas, buscando melhorar a qualidade de vida da população brasileira e diminuir gastos com tratamento de doenças. Objetivou-se investigar as mudanças na prática de atividade física e tempo de televisão em usuários do SUS durante um período de 18 meses e o impacto do sexo e tempo nessas variáveis. Foram avaliados 198 participantes (58 homens e 140 mulheres). Nível de atividade física foi mensurado através do questionário de Baecke. Homens apresentaram maiores escores em todas as variáveis de atividade física: caminhada (p-valor 0,013), ciclismo (p-valor 0,001) e locomoção (p-valor 0,007) do que mulheres, mas não para assistir televisão (p-valor= 0,362). Após 18 meses, em toda a amostra, o escore de caminhada aumentou 25,9% (IC95%= 10,6 - 41,1), mas não ciclismo (1,5% [95%CI= -2,7 - 5,7]), locomoção (14,4% [95%CI= -0,4 - 29,3]) e televisão (1,6% [95%CI= -5,7 - 9,1]). Entre usuários do SUS, homens foram usualmente mais ativos que mulheres em comportamentos ativos, mas não ao assistir televisão. Porém, diferenças ao longo do tempo foram similares entre os sexos.

Type 2 diabetes, healthcare expenditures and its correlation with anthropometric factors and physical activity: 18-month follow-up in a Brazilian city

AIMS: To compare the profile of adults attended at primary care level of the Brazilian National Health System according to occurrence of T2DM during 18 months of follow-up. METHOD: Longitudinal study carried out with 316 adults. T2DM and PA were assessed by questionnaires. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were also performed. Healthcare expenditures were based on the demand of services registered in medical records. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test was used, as well as their similar for non-parametric variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient analyzed the relationship between variables. All analyzes were performed using the statistical software BioEstat (release 5.0) and the significance level was set at p-value <0.05. RESULTS: Patients with T2DM at baseline showed higher values of WC, BMI, nursing appointments, customer services, medication, total cost and lower values of PA when compared to patients T2DM-free. Patients who developed T2DM during the follow-up presented higher values of WC, screening, pharmacy frequency, medications and total cost when compared to individuals without T2DM. Being in the highest quartile of PA did not change the costs of health services among patients T2DM-free. Healthcare expenditures were positively correlated to BMI among participants T2DM-free and with T2DM at baseline. CONCLUSION: Participants with T2DM and participants who developed T2DM during the follow-up showed higher values of BMI, WC, healthcare expenditures and were less active when compared to participants T2DM-free. Healthcare expenditures were positively correlated with BMI among participants with T2DM at baseline and T2DM-free.(AU)

Time trends in physical activity of adult users of the Brazilian National Health System: 2010-2014. Longitudinal study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: In this longitudinal study, we aimed to describe time trends of physical activity (PA) in different domains from 2010 to 2014 among users of the Brazilian National Health System, taking into account the effects of sex, age and economic status (ES). DESIGN AND SETTING:: Longitudinal study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS:: The sample was composed of 620 men and women who were interviewed in 2010, 2012 and 2014. The same group of researchers conducted the interviews, using the questionnaire developed by Baecke et al. Scores for occupational, exercise/sport, leisure-time/transportation and overall PA were considered in this longitudinal survey. Time trends of PA over the four years of follow-up were assessed according to sex, age and ES. RESULTS:: We found that after four years of follow-up, the reduction in overall PA (-13.6%; 95% confidence interval, CI = -11.9 to -15.3) was statistically significant. Additionally, declines in the occupational domain and exercise/sports participation were affected by age, while the reduction in overall PA was affected by sex, age and ES. CONCLUSIONS:: Overall PA decreased significantly from 2010 to 2014 among these outpatients of the Brazilian National Health System, and age and male sex were important determinants of PA in its different domains.

Time trends in physical activity of adult users of the Brazilian National Health System: 2010-2014. Longitudinal study / Tendência temporal da atividade física de adultos usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro: 2010-2014. Estudo longitudinal

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In this longitudinal study, we aimed to describe time trends of physical activity (PA) in different domains from 2010 to 2014 among users of the Brazilian National Health System, taking into account the effects of sex, age and economic status (ES). DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS: The sample was composed of 620 men and women who were interviewed in 2010, 2012 and 2014. The same group of researchers conducted the interviews, using the questionnaire developed by Baecke et al. Scores for occupational, exercise/sport, leisure-time/transportation and overall PA were considered in this longitudinal survey. Time trends of PA over the four years of follow-up were assessed according to sex, age and ES. RESULTS: We found that after four years of follow-up, the reduction in overall PA (-13.6%; 95% confidence interval, CI = -11.9 to -15.3) was statistically significant. Additionally, declines in the occupational domain and exercise/sports participation were affected by age, while the reduction in overall PA was affected by sex, age and ES. CONCLUSIONS: Overall PA decreased significantly from 2010 to 2014 among these outpatients of the Brazilian National Health System, and age and male sex were important determinants of PA in its different domains.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Neste estudo longitudinal, o objetivo foi descrever as tendências temporais de atividade física (AF) em diferentes domínios de 2010 a 2014 entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, levando em conta o efeito do sexo, idade e condição econômica (CE). TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo longitudinal realizado em cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Bauru (SP), Brasil. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta de 620 homens e mulheres que foram entrevistados em 2010, 2012 e 2014. O mesmo grupo de pesquisadores realizou as entrevistas utilizando o questionário desenvolvido por Baecke et al. Escores da AF ocupacional, exercícios/esportes, lazer/transporte e AF global foram considerados neste estudo longitudinal. Tendências temporais de AF nos quatro anos de seguimento foram avaliados de acordo com sexo, idade e CE. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que, após quatro anos de seguimento, a redução da AF total (-13,6%; intervalo de confiança, IC 95% = -11,9 a -15,3) foi estatisticamente significativa. Além disso, o declínio no domínio ocupacional e no exercício/participação esportiva foram afetados pela idade, enquanto a redução na AF total foi afetada pelo sexo, idade e CE. CONCLUSÕES: A AF total diminuiu significativamente de 2010 para 2014 em pacientes ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde, e idade e sexo masculino foram importantes determinantes de AF em seus diferentes domínios.

Determinants of outpatient expenditure within primary care in the Brazilian National Health System / Determinantes de gastos ambulatoriais na atenção primária do sistema público de saúde brasileiro

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One of the big challenges facing governments worldwide is the financing of healthcare systems. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors and key components associated with healthcare expenditure. The aim here was to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors associated with direct healthcare expenditure within primary care, among adults attended through the Brazilian National Health System in the city of Bauru. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS: Healthcare expenditure over the last 12 months was assessed through medical records of adults aged 50 years or more. Annual healthcare expenditure was assessed in terms of medication, laboratory tests, medical consultations and the total. Body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, age, sex, physical activity and smoking were assessed through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: The total healthcare expenditure for 963 participants of this survey was US$ 112,849.74 (46.9% consultations, 35.2% medication and 17.9% laboratory tests). Expenditure on medication was associated with overweight (odds ratio, OR = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-3.01), hypertension (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.91-4.82) and moderate physical activity (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81). Expenditure on consultations was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) and female sex (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.14-2.55). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that overweight, lower levels of physical activity and hypertension were independent risk factors associated with higher healthcare expenditure within primary care.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Um dos grandes desafios dos governos em todo o mundo é o financiamento de sistemas de saúde e, por isso, é necessário compreender fatores e componentes-chave associados a despesas em saúde. O objetivo foi identificar fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e clínicos associados aos gastos diretos com saúde na atenção primária entre adultos do Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Bauru. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado em cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Bauru (SP), Brasil. MÉTODO: Gastos com saúde nos últimos 12 meses foram avaliados através de prontuários médicos de adultos de 50 anos ou mais. Gastos anuais com saúde foram avaliados com: medicamentos, exames laboratoriais, consultas médicas e total. Índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, hipertensão, idade, sexo, atividade física e tabagismo foram avaliados por meio de entrevista face a face. RESULTADOS: O gasto total com serviços de saúde para os 963 participantes deste inquérito foi de US$ 112.849.74 (46,9% consultas, 35,2% medicamentos e 17,9% exames). Gastos com medicamentos foram associados com sobrepeso (odds ratio, OR = 1,80 [intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 1,07-3,01]), hipertensão (OR = 3,04 [IC 95%: 1,91-4,82]) e atividade física moderada (OR = 0,56 [95% IC: 0,38-0,81]). Gastos com consultas foram associados com hipertensão (OR = 1,67 [IC 95%: 1,12-2,47]) e sexo feminino (OR = 1,70 [IC 95%: 1,14-2,55]). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostraram que sobrepeso, menor nível de atividade física e hipertensão são fatores de risco independentes associados com maiores gastos com saúde na atenção primária.

Determinants of outpatient expenditure within primary care in the Brazilian National Health System.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: One of the big challenges facing governments worldwide is the financing of healthcare systems. Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors and key components associated with healthcare expenditure. The aim here was to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical factors associated with direct healthcare expenditure within primary care, among adults attended through the Brazilian National Health System in the city of Bauru. DESIGN AND SETTING:: Cross-sectional study conducted in five primary care units in Bauru (SP), Brazil. METHODS:: Healthcare expenditure over the last 12 months was assessed through medical records of adults aged 50 years or more. Annual healthcare expenditure was assessed in terms of medication, laboratory tests, medical consultations and the total. Body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, age, sex, physical activity and smoking were assessed through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS:: The total healthcare expenditure for 963 participants of this survey was US$ 112,849.74 (46.9% consultations, 35.2% medication and 17.9% laboratory tests). Expenditure on medication was associated with overweight (odds ratio, OR = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07-3.01), hypertension (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.91-4.82) and moderate physical activity (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81). Expenditure on consultations was associated with hypertension (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) and female sex (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.14-2.55). CONCLUSIONS:: Our results showed that overweight, lower levels of physical activity and hypertension were independent risk factors associated with higher healthcare expenditure within primary care.

EXERCISE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND MORTALITY: FINDINGS OF EIGHT YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP / EXERCÍCIO, PRESSÃO ARTERIAL E MORTALIDADE: ACHADOS DE OITO ANOS DE SEGUIMENTO / EJERCICIO, PRESIÓN ARTERIAL Y MORTALIDAD: HALLAZGOS DE OCHO AÑOS DE SEGUIMIENTO

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last decades, unhealthy habits, such as low levels of physical activity and poor diet, have increased. Consequently, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality has increased significantly among adults. However, it is known that regular physical exercises help to improve health outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of eight years of regular participation in an exercise program on blood pressure and mortality in the Brazilian public health system. Methods: The sample consisted of 34 participants with hypertension and/or type II diabetes who were followed up for eight years. They were paired by age, body mass index and chronic disease in two groups: exercise and control. During the follow-up period, medical records were used to assess systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as number of medical appointments and the occurrence of deaths. Results: In the follow-up period, five participants died in the control group and none in the exercise group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis identified 29.4% lower mortality among active participants (Fisher's exact test with p = 0.044). The number of medical appointments and the values of diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower for active participants. Conclusion: After a follow-up of eight years, participants in the exercise group attended fewer medical appointments, had better blood pressure control and a lower occurrence of deaths.

RESUMO Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, hábitos pouco saudáveis, como baixos níveis de atividade física e má alimentação, têm aumentado. Consequentemente, a prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares e de mortalidade aumentou significativamente entre adultos. Entretanto, é sabido que a prática regular de exercícios físicos ajuda a melhorar os desfechos de saúde. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de oito anos de participação regular em um programa de exercícios sobre a pressão arterial e a mortalidade no sistema brasileiro de saúde pública. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 34 participantes com hipertensão e/ou diabetes tipo II, que foram acompanhados por oito anos. Eles foram pareados por idade, índice de massa corporal e doença crônica em dois grupos: exercício e controle. Durante o período de acompanhamento, os registros médicos foram usados para avaliar a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, bem como o número de consultas médicas e a ocorrência de óbitos. Resultados: No período de acompanhamento, ocorreram cinco óbitos no grupo controle e nenhum no grupo exercício. A análise de Kaplan-Meier identificou mortalidade 29,4% menor entre os participantes ativos (teste exato de Fisher com p = 0,044). A quantidade de consultas médicas e pressão arterial diastólica foram significantemente menores para os participantes ativos. Conclusão: Após acompanhamento de oito anos, participantes do grupo exercício tiveram menor número de consultas médicas, melhor controle da pressão arterial e menor ocorrência de mortes.

RESUMEN Introducción: En las últimas décadas, han aumentado los hábitos poco saludables, como los bajos niveles de actividad física y la mala alimentación. Por consiguiente, la prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y la mortalidad fue significativamente mayor entre los adultos. Sin embargo, se sabe que el ejercicio físico ayuda a mejorar los resultados en salud. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de ocho años de participación regular en un programa de ejercicios sobre la presión arterial y la mortalidad en pacientes del sistema brasileño de salud pública. Métodos: La muestra consistió en 34 participantes con hipertensión y/o diabetes tipo II que fueron seguidos durante ocho años. Ellos fueron pareados por edad, índice de masa corporal y enfermedad crónica, en dos grupos: ejercicio y control. Durante el período de seguimiento, se utilizaron los registros médicos para evaluar la presión sistólica y diastólica, así como el número de consultas médicas y la ocurrencia de muertes. Resultados: En el período de seguimiento, hubo cinco muertes en el grupo control y ninguna en el grupo de ejercicio. El análisis de Kaplan-Meier identificó 29,4% de mortalidad más baja entre los participantes activos (prueba exacta de Fisher p = 0,044). El número de consultas médicas y la presión arterial diastólica fueron significativamente menores para los participantes activosnúm. Conclusión: Después de un seguimiento de ocho años, los participantes en el grupo de ejercicio tuvieron un menor número de consultas médicas, un mejor control de la presión arterial y menor incidencia de muertes.

APTIDÃO FÍSICA E LESÕES: 54 SEMANAS DE TREINAMENTO FÍSICO COM POLICIAIS MILITARES / PHYSICAL FITNESS AND INJURIES: 54 WEEKS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AMONG MILITARY POLICE OFFICERS / APTITUD FÍSICA Y LESIONES: 54 SEMANAS DE ENTRENAMIENTO FÍSICO CON LA POLICÍA MILITAR

RESUMO Introdução: A aptidão física é imprescindível para policiais militares. Entretanto, apesar de a finalidade do treinamento militar ser o aperfeiçoamento de diferentes componentes da aptidão física, sua execução de forma não adequada pode associar-se ao desenvolvimento de lesões musculoesqueléticas. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do treinamento físico militar sobre indicadores de aptidão física e incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em participantes do Curso de Formação de Soldados da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo. Método: A amostra foi composta por 86 homens que foram submetidos ao Teste de Aptidão Física no início e depois de 54 semanas de treinamento. As informações sobre lesões foram obtidas com questionário específico. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa do volume máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx), resistência muscular localizada, força e velocidade ao final do treinamento. Entretanto, 45,3% dos policiais sofreram uma ou mais lesões, sendo 65,6% delas concentradas nos membros inferiores, 18% nos membros superiores e 16,4% no tronco e na cabeça. O nível osteoarticular concentrou 50,8% das lesões, o nível músculo-ligamentar, 26,3% e o tegumentar, 22,9%. Conclusão: Apesar do resultado satisfatório em relação à aptidão física, a incidência de lesões entre os policiais foi elevada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical fitness is imperative for military police officers. However, although the purpose of military training is to improve different components of physical fitness, its inadequate performance may be associated with the development of musculoskeletal injuries. Objective: To verify the effect of military physical training on indicators of physical fitness and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in participants of the Training Course of Military Police Officers in the State of São Paulo. Methods: The sample consisted of 86 men who were submitted to the Physical Fitness Test at the beginning and after 54 weeks of training. Information on injuries was obtained with a specific questionnaire. Results: There was significant improvement in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), localized muscle endurance, strength and velocity at the end of training. However, 45.3% of the officers suffered one or more injuries, 65.6% of which were concentrated in the lower limbs, 18% in the upper limbs, and 16.4% in the torso and head. The osteoarticular level concentrated 50.8% of the injuries, the musculoligamentous level, 26.3%, and the tegumentary level, 22.9%. Conclusion: Despite the satisfactory results regarding physical fitness, the incidence of injuries among military police officers was high.

RESUMEN Introducción: La buena aptitud física es indispensable para la policía militar. Si embargo, aunque el propósito del entrenamiento militar sea la mejora de los diferentes componentes de condición física, su ejecución inadecuada puede estar asociada con el desarrollo de lesiones musculoesqueléticas. Objetivo: Verificar el efecto del entrenamiento físico militar sobre los indicadores de aptitud física y la incidencia de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los participantes del Curso de Entrenamiento de Soldados de la Policía Militar del Estado de São Paulo. Método: La muestra consistió en 86 hombres que fueron sometidos a la Prueba de Aptitud Física al inicio y después de 54 semanas de entrenamiento. La información sobre lesiones se obtuvo con cuestionario específico. Resultados: Hubo una mejora significativa del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx), la resistencia muscular localizada, fuerza y velocidad al final del entrenamiento. Sin embargo, el 45,3% de los policías sufrieron una o más lesiones, siendo el 65,6% concentrado en las extremidades inferiores, el 18% en las extremidades superiores y el 16,4% en el torso y la cabeza. El nivel osteoarticular concentra el 50,8% de las lesiones, el nivel musculoligamentoso, 26,3% y el tegumentario, 22,9%. Conclusión: A pesar de los resultados satisfactorios en términos de aptitud física, la incidencia de las lesiones entre los policías fue alto.

Association Between Costs Related to Productivity Loss and Modified Risk Factors Among Users of the Brazilian National Health System.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between costs related to productivity losses and its risk factors among users of the Brazilian National Health System. METHODS: The public cost associated with productivity losses of 342 adults has been estimated, taking into account a period of 18 months. Costs related to productivity loss were estimate using data provided by the Brazilian National Health System (disability retirements) and absenteeism. Modifiable risk factors and unhealthy behaviors were assessed through interviews (physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking) and clinical assessments (obesity). RESULTS: Smoking and physical inactivity affected significantly the amount of money lost with productivity losses related to absenteeism. The presence of obesity generated higher expenditures with disability retirement, while low back pain and sleep disorder were the most relevant confounders in multivariate models for disability retirement and absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: Among users of the Brazilian National Health System, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity seem to have a significant effect on productivity losses associated with health problems. Moreover, low back pain and sleep quality seem variables few explored but with potential to affect health care costs.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Inflammatory Markers Among Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: Declines in ovarian function in postmenopausal women may contribute to increase inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to chronic diseases. However, studies have shown that exercise interventions are important to manage inflammatory conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise intervention on inflammatory markers among obese and postmenopausal women. METHODS: 70 women composed the sample (Exercise group [EG; n = 35] and nonexercise group [nEG; n = 35]). IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were the inflammatory markers analyzed. Exercise program was 20 weeks long and consisted of aerobic and neuromuscular training. Data about chronic diseases, medication use, dietary intake, body composition and biochemical variables were collected. RESULTS: EG showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference and body fat percentage, as well as increased lean body mass. EG showed significant reductions in TNF-α and significant interaction between group and intervention time. Reductions in IL-10 were identified only in nEG. Substantial effect of exercise intervention was observed with increased ratio of IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training was effective in reducing inflammation. Thus, implementation and maintenance of similar exercise programs can contribute to reduce chronic inflammation among obese postmenopausal women.

Physical activity during the early years of life and osteoporosis in adulthood: study among users of the Brazilian National Health System

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to analyze the association between osteoporosis and current/early physical activity and also to identify whether early sport participation, osteoporosis, age and sex are somehow connected. The study sample included 963 participants. Osteoporosis was diagnosed through medical records. Physical activity in current and the early years of life, age, sex and economic condition were assessed through questionnaires. Abdominal obesity was identified by waist circumference. Results showed that osteoporosis was associated with female sex and higher age. Participants that were active in adulthood had 47% lower chance of osteoporosis (odds ration [OR] = 0.53[0.30-0.93]). Adults that were active in childhood and adolescence had a lower chance of osteoporosis only in the crude model (OR = 0.38[0.22-0.64]). Women that were inactive in their youth were almost five times more likely to have osteoporosis when compared to men under the same conditions (OR = 4.80[2.46-9.37]). A lack of sports participation in the early years of life seems to be associated with osteoporosis, age and sex.

Low levels of physical activity and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional study in the Brazilian public health system.

This study investigated whether low levels of physical activity in different domains is associated with risk factors for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or metabolic syndrome itself. Habitual physical activity level was assessed among 963 participants, aged 50 years old or more, using Baecke's questionnaire. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome followed the recommendations of "The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome". All the participants were users of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9%. Participants with lower levels of physical activity in leisure-time had higher chances of occurrence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and metabolic syndrome. Occurrence of arterial hypertension was associated with lower levels of sports activities. It was found high rates of risk indicators for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, as well as for diseases alone as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Lower involvement in physical activity in different domains increases the prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

Low levels of physical activity and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional study in the Brazilian public health system / Baixos níveis de atividade física e síndrome metabólica: estudo transversal com usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro

Abstract This study investigated whether low levels of physical activity in different domains is associated with risk factors for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or metabolic syndrome itself. Habitual physical activity level was assessed among 963 participants, aged 50 years old or more, using Baecke’s questionnaire. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome followed the recommendations of “The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome”. All the participants were users of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9%. Participants with lower levels of physical activity in leisure-time had higher chances of occurrence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and metabolic syndrome. Occurrence of arterial hypertension was associated with lower levels of sports activities. It was found high rates of risk indicators for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, as well as for diseases alone as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Lower involvement in physical activity in different domains increases the prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

Resumo Este estudo investigou se baixos níveis de atividade física em diferentes domínios está associado a fatores de risco para a ocorrência da síndrome metabólica ou a síndrome metabólica em si. Nível de atividade física habitual foi avaliada entre 963 participantes, com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos, usando o questionário de Baecke. Fatores de risco para síndrome metabólica seguiram as recomendações do “The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome”. Todos os participantes eram usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi de 30.9%. Participantes com menores níveis de atividade física no lazer tiveram maiores chances de ocorrência de diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia e síndrome metabólica. Ocorrência de hipertensão arterial foi associada com menores níveis de atividades esportivas. Foram encontradas altas taxas de indicadores de risco para a ocorrência da síndrome metabólica, assim como para doenças isoladas, como hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia e obesidade. Menores engajamento com a prática de atividades físicas em diferentes domínios aumenta a prevalência de fatores de risco para a síndrome metabólica.

The Impact of Physical Activity on Mitigation of Health Care Costs Related to Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from Developed and Developing Settings.

Over the last decades, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing globally such that nowadays the disease constitutes an important outcome related to early mortality among adults. In parallel with the high prevalence, healthcare costs related to DM treatment have increased significantly, exacerbating its burden on modern society. The scientific literature points out that obesity and physical inactivity have a central role in the development of most DM cases. In fact, either physical exercise practice or an increase in the level of physical activity, constitute relevant tools in the guidelines for treatment of the disease. On the other hand, the effect of physical activity on the economic consequences of DM is not completely clear. The identification of the actual burden of lifestyle changes on the reduction of healthcare costs related to DM is relevant, primarily for developing nations, where it could represent a cheaper strategy for treating the disease and its complications than paying for drug treatment, which is commonly related to collateral effects. That being said, the prevention of DM and other diseases and consequently the mitigation of the costs related to these outcomes seem to depend essentially on the promotion of healthy habits. The aim of the present review was therefore to discuss recent evidence on the effects of physical activity/exercise on mitigation of health care cost related to DM.

ATIVIDADE FÍSICA, OBESIDADE ABDOMINAL E COMPRA DE MEDICAMENTOS EM ADULTOS: ESTUDO TRANSVERSAL RETROSPECTIVO COM USUÁRIOS DA ATENÇÃO BÁSICA DE SAÚDE / PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND MEDICATION CONSUMPTION AMONG ADULTS: CROSS-SECTIONAL RETROSPECTIVE STUDY WITH USERS OF BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar associações entre prática de atividades físicas, obesidade abdominal e compra de medicamentos por usuários do sistema público de saúde da cidade de Bauru/SP. A amostra foi composta por adultos com idade acima de 50 anos e através de entrevista foram coletadas informações sobre compra de medicamentos, prática de atividades físicas, condição econômica e tabagismo. Índice de massa corporal e perímetro abdominal compuseram marcadores de obesidade geral e abdominal. Como principais resultados encontrou-se que a compra de medicamentos foi maior entre mulheres, pessoas com mais de 65 anos, não-fumantes e naqueles com obesidade abdominal. De forma inversa, indivíduos ativos apresentaram menor compra de medicamentos quando comparados aos sedentários. Por fim, quando inatividade física e a obesidade abdominal foram agregadas em uma única variável, pessoas apenas inativas fisicamente e inativas fisicamente com obesidade abdominal apresentaram chances aumentadas de comprar medicamentos no último mês.

The aim of the study was to determine associations between physical activity, abdominal obesity and purchase of medicines by users of the Brazilian public healthcare system of the city of Bauru/SP. The sample was composed of adults aged 50 years and through face-to-face interview were collected information about drug utilization, physical activity, economic status and smoking habits. Body mass index and abdominal perimeter composed markers of general and abdominal obesity. The main results found that the purchase of drugs was higher among women, people over 65, non-smokers and those with abdominal obesity. Inversely, active individuals bought fewer medicines when compared to physically inactive. Finally, when physical inactivity and abdominal obesity were aggregated into a single variable, only people physically inactive and physically inactive with abdominal obesity had increased chances of buying drugs in the last month.